{"id":406,"date":"2016-02-25T17:50:11","date_gmt":"2016-02-25T17:50:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/?p=406"},"modified":"2016-02-25T17:50:11","modified_gmt":"2016-02-25T17:50:11","slug":"women-hold-up-half-the-sky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/women-hold-up-half-the-sky\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cWomen Hold Up Half the Sky\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Share<\/a><\/p>\n

Written by Cassie Lin<\/span><\/p>\n

As a research student often looking at feminist movement and theories, I am quite familiar with\u00a0its history\u00a0 in the modern western world. But what about\u00a0\u00a0China? What happened to women’s rights in China back in the day, especially when they were probably\u00a0facing more challenges than their western comrades, due to war, poverty and suppressing feudalist values?<\/span><\/p>\n

I found some clues in the poster collection – there were\u00a0images of women carrying artillery troops and machine guns, women portrayed\u00a0as factory workers and engineers, they were the so-called “Iron Girls” in the first few decades of Communist China (50s – 80s), and\u00a0largely appeared in propaganda campaigns. These tough-and-masculine-women portrayals remind me of the famous American\u00a0wartime poster “We Can Do It!”, both similarly served the purpose of lifting national spirit and boosting worker morale.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1320_big_0000_w414_h600_thumb\"<\/a><\/p>\n

“Miliatiawomen in the Paracel”, 1975<\/strong><\/p>\n

Raising women’s right was a significant theme\u00a0of the revolutionary propaganda\u00a0in China from the 1950s to the 1970s. Attempting to achieve gender equality is considered as one of the least controversial legacies of Mao ZeDong. As an inspiration, his\u00a0celebrated quote\u00a0“women hold up half the sky” was widely\u00a0promoted across the country. Rumour says the\u00a0statement was\u00a0made to respond an article published on a local Women’s\u00a0Federation Magazine\u00a0in Gui Zhou province in 1955.\u00a0As women has become a valuable work force\u00a0in China’s rapid industrialisation development, the article proposed\u00a0equal pay for equal work between men and women. Interestingly, at the same time, the second-wave feminist movement was taking place across the pacific ocean, and the feminist\u00a0symbolism in “women hold up half the sky” even received affirmation from western left-wing intellectuals.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Open<\/p>\n

“Women Hold Up Half the Sky, the Face of Nature is Transforming”, 1975<\/strong><\/p>\n

As\u00a0part of the revolutionary movement, policies and laws were made to protect women’s right in marriage and education.\u00a0In 1950, the New Marriage Law (also known as the First Marriage Law) was\u00a0passed in China. It radically changed the\u00a0existing patriarchal marriage traditions, such as arranged and forced marriage, concubinage and prohibition for women\u00a0to seek divorce. Nevertheless, the gender gap for primary and\u00a0secondary\u00a0education was decreasing at the time, and women were encouraged to strive for more\u00a0educational opportunities.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1331_big_0000_w415_h600_thumb\"<\/a><\/p>\n

“Studying at Night”, 1974<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enough of the boring\u00a0historical facts,\u00a0 how is\u00a0the women’s liberation movement actually influences each individual in China? I’m trying to compare the life status between three generations of women\u00a0in my family here, for some possible\u00a0evidences.<\/span><\/p>\n

Starting by my beloved grandmothers – Grandma Liang, from my father’s side, arranged to marry\u00a0her husband,\u00a0fought in the civil war, and was offered an official’s position in the local government\u00a0when the war ends. She had to turn down the offer as she was never properly educated and was\u00a0unable to read. She\u00a0doesn’t know how to\u00a0speak Chinese mandarin (the official language) and I can only communicate with her in dialectic Cantonese. The furthest place she ever travelled to\u00a0in her life is the capital city of\u00a0our province. Grandma Chen, from my mother’s side, arranged to\u00a0marry\u00a0her husband, and didn’t even know what he looked like until the wedding\u00a0night.\u00a0After the establishment of Communist China, she attended night schools and learned how to read and write, she was already a mother to four children by then. She enjoyed reading newspapers,\u00a0watching sports and loved to\u00a0criticise\u00a0my taste in fashion. Luckily, both of my grand mothers escaped the suffering of feet binding (Chinese custom of applying painfully tight binding to the feet of young girls to prevent further growth).<\/span><\/p>\n

Coming to my mother,\u00a0growing\u00a0up\u00a0during the 10-year\u00a0Cultural Revolution (a national movement to preserve “true” Communist ideology by purging remnants of capitalism and traditional elements in Chinese society from 1966-1976), she was influenced by its aftermath and joined the army at the age of 18. She served in the air force\u00a0for five years\u00a0and was trained in radio operating. After discharging her military service, she\u00a0was assigned to become a librarian. She had\u00a0a monthly library budget and\u00a0was able to\u00a0purchase a large amount of western literatures. She enjoys Agatha Christie more than Conan Doyle. She later attended the reformed Adult\u00a0University Entrance Exam and received a degree in Philosophy. She met her husband through her flatmate in university. After graduation,\u00a0she started to work\u00a0for\u00a0a department in the\u00a0local government.\u00a0She was responsible for\u00a0dealing with issues\u00a0 relevant to labour, youth and women’s rights. She\u00a0considers herself having a greater career achievement than most women in her generation\u00a0and now happily retired. Her current hobby is travelling, she just returned from Russia, and planning to go to Australia and New Zealand next month.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1315_big_0000_w393_h600_thumb\"<\/a><\/p>\n

“Lofty Aspirations reach the Sky”, 1973<\/strong><\/p>\n

And then it’s me,\u00a0from the youngest generation\u00a0of the family, attended primary and secondary schools under the policy of 9-Year-Compulsory\u00a0Education in China, and\u00a0developed a\u00a0personal\u00a0interest in music and film\u00a0during my teenage days. I was super into British indie bands\u00a0in high school and wrote a few reviews for a music magazine. At the age of 18, I came to the UK\u00a0for university, film studies and related subjects have been my major all along. I\u00a0am able to\u00a0form a lot\u00a0of international friendships and enjoy the multi-cultural\u00a0scene\u00a0in London a lot. I tried to learn\u00a0German for a while but failed, then I figured English is quite enough\u00a0for a second language, at least for now.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1307_big_0000_w409_h600_thumb\"<\/a><\/p>\n

“Free from Tedious Domestic Chores, Devote Yourself\u00a0into Socialism Construction\u00a0“, 1960<\/strong><\/p>\n

It is\u00a0fascinating\u00a0to see how things have changed for women in China (or at least for those ones\u00a0in\u00a0my family) over the last 100 years. My mum still talks about\u00a0the liberatory movement for women\u00a0as if it’s one of her fondest memories, even though she also admits women in China\u00a0have to suffer\u00a0a double burden, as\u00a0they are still expected\u00a0to handle domestic chores while preforming to the same\u00a0professional\u00a0standards\u00a0as men in their work place.\u00a0The idealism behind “Women Hold Up Half the Sky” may seem a bit redundant at this post-feminist era, however,\u00a0it cannot be denied, the social development behind such ideology did\u00a0radically\u00a0improve the status of women in modern China.\u00a0There is\u00a0still a long way to go, but, one step at a time.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u201c\u5987\u5973\u80fd\u9876\u534a\u8fb9\u5929\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n

Cassie Lin is a doctoral student at the University of Westminster. She previously worked as an archive assistant at the University of Westminster’s Chinese Poster Collection, now renamed the China Visual Arts Project Archive.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Written by Cassie Lin As a research student often looking at feminist movement and theories, I am quite familiar with\u00a0its history\u00a0 in the modern western world. But what about\u00a0\u00a0China? What happened to women’s rights in China back in the day,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":248,"featured_media":253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china-visual-arts-project"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/248"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=406"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/406\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.westminster.ac.uk\/contemporarychina\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}