Low Traffic Neighbourhoods in London Research Study

Low Traffic Neighbourhoods in London Research Study: a mixed-methods study of benefits, harms and experiences (January 2022-Sept 2025)

What is a Low Traffic Neighbourhood?

Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTNs) are transport interventions that restrict through motor traffic in a set of residential streets. Their aim is to make walking, wheeling, and cycling (active travel) safer and more comfortable within the area covered (as there are fewer cars passing through), and make driving through the area less convenient, both of which, it is hoped, will encourage people to walk, wheel, or cycle instead. LTNs commonly use “modal filters” to prevent motorised through-traffic whilst retaining access for people walking and cycling. Modal filters can be street furniture such as planters or bollards, or camera enforced closures. By the end of 2020, 4% of Londoners (300,000 people) lived in areas covered by 72 LTNs introduced between March to September 2020 as part of the Covid-19 response. While some have been removed, most were retained and more are planned to be implemented across London.

LTNs have been controversial. Before we started our study, there was some promising evidence of benefits, including increased active travel, a reduction in road traffic injuries and street crime, and decreased car ownership and use (all of which are important policy goals in London). There were also concerns about adverse impacts, for instance for residents on scheme boundary roads if motor traffic increases there, or on those disabled people who need to use cars and whose journeys may take longer. These debates continued with Transport for All’s Pave the Way report finding that disabled people interviewed perceived both positive and negative impacts from LTN interventions. Our project contributed to building solid evidence about impacts associated with LTNs, studying benefits, harms, and experiences of these changes.

Aim of the study

The aim of the study was to examine the potential benefits and harms of new LTN schemes, understand the experiences of those living in or near LTNs, and consider how policymakers can navigate controversy. Questions we answered included:

1. 1. Do new LTNs lead to greater levels of, and more diverse, walking and cycling, compared to areas without them
   2. What are the health benefits from these schemes (e.g. reduced road injury risk)?
   3. Do these schemes cause harms, including congestion on boundary roads or longer journeys for those disabled people who are reliant on cars?
   4. How do local people experience and respond to LTNs?
   5. How can policymakers navigate controversy surrounding these schemes, and make them more inclusive?

What we did in this study?

Our study focused on 5 new LTNs implemented in London between 2021 and 2023, plus an equal number of matched control areas (which are areas with very similar characteristics, but which are not getting an LTN). This study collected and analysed different types of information. This included:

1. 1. Quantitative (numerical) follow-up data in LTNs and control areas for three years. This covered numbers of pedestrians, cyclists, and motor vehicles; age and gender diversity among people walking, wheeling, and cycling; congestion on boundary roads; and local car journey times.
   2. Modelling of the health and health economic impacts of LTNs, via the pathways of physical activity, injuries, and air pollution.
   3. Conducting interviews about experiences of LTNs with local residents, including disabled people, and with policymakers. We interviewed residents and policymakers twice to explore how experiences changed as LTNs ‘bed in’.

Why was this research needed?

We needed to know if goals such as increasing walking, wheeling, and cycling and reducing road injury risk were being achieved. We needed to understand the daily experiences of people living within or near the low traffic neighbourhoods and how it impacts them and their journeys, both positively and negatively. This includes understanding how inclusive schemes are by exploring the experiences of residents with diverse travel needs and barriers, including disabled people. By speaking to policymakers involved in the LTNs, we also gained insights into the implementation process and how they navigated any controversies. This research provides policymakers with robust and timely evidence that can inform the future of transport interventions and ensure that they are inclusive. Here is a regularly updated list with all the academic articles published to date from this study (eleven, as of September 2026). There are still several under peer review. Once the remaining articles are accepted for publication, we will share a final video update.

Publications from the study

Peer-reviewed academic journal articles and book chapters

1. Khreis, H., Williams, M., Lad, C., Fevyer, D., Laverty, A.A., Jinks, D., Furlong, J., Woodcock, J., Edwards, P., and Goodman, A. (2026), The modelled impact of low traffic neighbourhoods (LTNs) on air pollution: findings from 5 schemes in London, Environmental Research, Volume 306, Part 1, – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935126014246
2. Laverty, A.A., Furlong, J., Armstrong, B., Edwards, P., Aldred, R., Berkoff, N. and Goodman, A. (2026) Impact of low traffic neighbourhoods in London on the duration of local car journeys, Case Studies on Transport Policy, 101961, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213624X26002579?via%3Dihub
3. Larrington-Spencer, H., Verlinghieri, E., Aldred, R., Lawlor, E. & Fevyer, D., (2026) “Everyday Discourses of Climate Delay in Opposition to Low Traffic Neighbourhoods”, Active Travel Studies 6(1). https://activetravelstudies.org/article/id/1811/
4. Larrington-Spencer, H., Verlinghieri, E., Aldred, R, and Furlong, J. 2026. Resident experience of new Low Traffic Neighbourhoods in London. PHR journal. https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/phr/published-articles/GJEV0805
5. Verlinghieri, E., Thomas, A., Aldred, R. and Larrington-Spencer, H. 2026. Contested streets as social infrastructures. In: Latham, A. and Layton, J. Social Infrastructure: Studying The Facilities that Sustain Community, Social Networks, and Trust in Neighbourhoods and Cities.
6. Verlinghieri, E., Aldred, R., Larrington-Spencer, H., Goodman, A., Lawlor, E., Navarro, L., Khreis, H., Laverty, A. 2026. Street space reallocation under austerity: the case of Low Traffic Neighbourhoods in the UK. Transport Policy (179), 104013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2026.104013
7. Furlong, J., Fevyer, D., Armstrong, B., Edwards, P., Aldred, R. and Goodman, A., 2025. Low Traffic Neighbourhoods in London reduce road traffic injuries: a controlled before-and-after analysis (2012–2024). Injury Prevention. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip-2024-045571
8. Furlong, J., Fevyer, D., Casement, B., Aldred, R., Laverty, A., Armstrong, B., Edwards, P. and Goodman, A., 2025. Removing through-traffic on minor roads reduces road danger at junctions with surrounding Major roads. Findings, August. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.143455
9. Verlinghieri, E.,  Larrington-Spencer, H., Furlong, J., Aldred, R., Goodman, A. 2025. Can mixed-methods help us better understand congestion on Low Traffic Neighbourhood boundary roads? Journal of Transport Geography 128, 104360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2025.104360
10. Verlinghieri, E., Larrington-Spencer, H., Pathania, A., Goodman, A., Furlong, J., & Aldred, R. 2025. Walking and wheeling in Low Traffic Neighbourhoods: A mixed methods study of mobility aid users’ interactions with changing public spaces. Cities & Health, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2025.2571279
11. Larrington-Spencer, H., Verlinghieri, E., Lawlor, E., and  Aldred, R. 2024. Troubling go-alongs through the lens of care. Qualitative Research 25(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941241277747

Other articles

1. Furlong, J., Larrington-Spencer, H., and Verlinghieri, E. 2023. What does the evidence on Low Traffic Neighbourhoods really show? Public Sector Focus, July-August 2023.
2. Furlong, J., Verlinghieri, E. and Larrington-Spencer, H. 2023. Are low-traffic neighbourhoods greenwashing? Here’s what the evidence says. The Conversation, June 2023. https://theconversation.com/are-low-traffic-neighbourhoods-greenwashing-heres-what-the-evidence-says-206432

Researchers and other staff involved in the study

• • Dr Ersilia Verlinghieri, University of Westminster (Joint Lead)

• • Dr Anna Goodman, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (Joint Lead)

• • Professor Rachel Aldred, University of Westminster (Co-Investigator)

• • Patrice Ajai-Ajagbe, University of Westminster (Project Manager)

Quantitative Research and Health Impact Analysis

• • Dr Jamie Furlong, University of Westminster

• • Asa Thomas, University of Westminster

• • Dr Anthony Laverty, Imperial College London

• • Professor James Woodcock, University of Cambridge

• • Dr Haneen Khreis, University of Cambridge

• • Professor Philip Edwards, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

• • Professor Benedict Armstrong, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Qualitative Research

• • Dr Harrie Larrington-Spencer, University of Westminster

• • Dr Emma Lawlor, University of Westminster

• • Luz Navarro, University of Westminster

• • Caroline Stickland, Transport for All

• • Emma Vogelmann, Transport for All

• • Alisha Pathania, Transport for All

Funder

The study was led by the University of Westminster. The study was funded by a grant from the National Institute for Health and Social Care Public Health Research Programme (NIHR135020).

Contact us

If you would like to know more about the study, please email us at transportresearch@westminster.ac.uk